Bpharm 4th Semester syllabus as per PCI. You can download Bpharm 4th Semester syllabus in pdf
PHARMACEUTICAL ORGANIC CHEMISTRY–III
UNIT 1
Stereo isomerism
Optical isomerism –
Optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds
Elements of symmetry, chiral and achiral molecules
DL system of nomenclature of optical isomers, sequence rules, RS system of nomenclature of optical isomers
Reactions of chiral molecules
Racemic modification and resolution of racemic mixture.
Asymmetric synthesis: partial and absolute
UNIT 2
Geometrical isomerism
Nomenclature of geometrical isomers (Cis Trans, EZ, Syn Anti systems)
Methods of determination of configuration of geometrical isomers.
Conformational isomerism in Ethane, n-Butane and Cyclohexane.
Stereo isomerism in biphenyl compounds (Atropisomerism) and conditions for optical activity.
Stereospecific and stereoselective reactions
UNIT 3
Heterocyclic compounds:
Nomenclature and classification
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of the following compounds/derivatives: Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
Relative aromaticity and reactivity of Pyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene
UNIT 4
Synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of the following compounds/derivatives:
Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole and Thiazole.
Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Acridine and Indole. Basicity of pyridine.
Synthesis and medicinal uses of Pyrimidine, Purine, Azepines and their derivatives.
UNIT 5
Reactions of synthetic importance:
Metal hydride reduction (NaBH4 and LiAlH4), Clemmensen reduction, Birch reduction, Wolff Kishner reduction.
Oppenauer-oxidation and Dakin reaction.
Beckmann rearrangement and Schmidt rearrangement.
Claisen-Schmidt condensation.
MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY – I
UNIT 1
Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry
History and development of medicinal chemistry
Physicochemical properties in relation to biological action:
Ionization, Solubility, Partition Coefficient, Hydrogen bonding, Protein binding, Chelation, Bioisosterism, Optical and Geometrical isomerism.
Drug metabolism:
Drug metabolism principles – Phase I and Phase II.
Factors affecting drug metabolism including stereochemical aspects.
UNIT 2
Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous System
Adrenergic Neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of catecholamine.
Adrenergic receptors (Alpha & Beta) and their distribution.
Sympathomimetic agents:
SAR of Sympathomimetic agents
Direct acting: Nor-epinephrine, Epinephrine, Phenylephrine*, Dopamine, Methyldopa, Clonidine, Dobutamine, Isoproterenol, Terbutaline, Salbutamol*, Bitolterol, Naphazoline, Oxymetazoline, and Xylometazoline.
Indirect acting agents: Hydroxyamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, Propylhexedrine.
Agents with mixed mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol.
Adrenergic Antagonists:
Alpha adrenergic blockers: Tolazoline*, Phentolamine, Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin, Dihydroergotamine, Methysergide.
Beta adrenergic blockers: SAR of beta blockers, Propranolol*, Metibranolol, Atenolol, Betazolol, Bisoprolol, Esmolol, Metoprolol, Labetolol, Carvedilol.
UNIT 3
Cholinergic neurotransmitters:
Biosynthesis and catabolism of acetylcholine.
Cholinergic receptors (Muscarinic & Nicotinic) and their distribution.
Parasympathomimetic agents:
SAR of Parasympathomimetic agents
Direct acting agents: Acetylcholine, Methacholine, Carbachol*, Bethanechol, Pilocarpine.
Indirect acting/Cholinesterase inhibitors (Reversible & Irreversible): Physostigmine, Neostigmine*, Pyridostigmine, Edrophonium chloride, Tacrine hydrochloride, Ambenonium chloride, Isofluorphate, Echothiophate iodide, Parathione, Malathion.
Cholinesterase reactivator: Pralidoxime chloride.
Cholinergic Blocking agents:
SAR of cholinolytic agents
Solanaceous alkaloids and analogues: Atropine sulphate, Hyoscyamine sulphate, Scopolamine hydrobromide, Homatropine hydrobromide, Ipratropium bromide*.
Synthetic cholinergic blocking agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate hydrochloride, Clidinium bromide, Glycopyrrolate, Dicyclomine hydrochloride*, Methantheline bromide, Propantheline bromide, Benztropine mesylate, Orphenadrine citrate, Biperidine hydrochloride, Procyclidine hydrochloride*, Tridihexethyl chloride, Isopropamide iodide, Ethopropazine hydrochloride.
UNIT 4
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
A. Sedatives and Hypnotics:
Benzodiazepines: SAR of Benzodiazepines, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam*, Oxazepam, Chlorazepate, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Zolpidem
Barbiturates: SAR of barbiturates, Barbital*, Phenobarbital, Mephobarbital, Amobarbital, Butabarbital, Pentobarbital, Secobarbital
Miscellaneous:
Amides & imides: Glutethmide.
Alcohol & their carbamate derivatives: Meprobomate, Ethchlorvynol.
Aldehyde & their derivatives: Triclofos sodium, Paraldehyde.
B. Antipsychotics:
Phenothiazines: SAR of Phenothiazines – Promazine hydrochloride, Chlorpromazine hydrochloride*, Triflupromazine, Thioridazine hydrochloride, Piperacetazine hydrochloride, Prochlorperazine maleate, Trifluoperazine hydrochloride.
Ring Analogues of Phenothiazines: Chlorprothixene, Thiothixene, Loxapine succinate, Clozapine.
Fluoro butyrophenones: Haloperidol, Droperidol, Risperidone.
Beta amino ketones: Molindone hydrochloride.
Benzamides: Sulpiride.
C. Anticonvulsants:
SAR of Anticonvulsants, mechanism of anticonvulsant action
Barbiturates: Phenobarbitone, Methabarbital.
Hydantoins: Phenytoin*, Mephenytoin, Ethotoin
Oxazolidine diones: Trimethadione, Paramethadione
Succinimides: Phensuximide, Methsuximide, Ethosuximide*
Urea and monoacylureas: Phenacemide, Carbamazepine*
Benzodiazepines: Clonazepam
Miscellaneous: Primidone, Valproic acid, Gabapentin, Felbamate
UNIT 5
Drugs acting on Central Nervous System
General anesthetics:
Inhalation anesthetics: Halothane*, Methoxyflurane, Enflurane, Sevoflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane.
Ultra short acting barbiturates: Methohexital sodium*, Thiamylal sodium, Thiopental sodium.
Dissociative anesthetics: Ketamine hydrochloride.*
Narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics
Morphine and related drugs: SAR of Morphine analogues, Morphine sulphate, Codeine, Meperidine hydrochloride, Anileridine hydrochloride, Diphenoxylate hydrochloride, Loperamide hydrochloride, Fentanyl citrate*, Methadone hydrochloride*, Propoxyphene hydrochloride, Pentazocine, Levorphanol tartarate.
Narcotic antagonists: Nalorphine hydrochloride, Levallorphan tartarate, Naloxone hydrochloride.
Anti-inflammatory agents:
Sodium salicylate, Aspirin, Mefenamic acid*, Meclofenamate, Indomethacin, Sulindac, Tolmetin, Zomepirac, Diclofenac, Ketorolac, Ibuprofen*, Naproxen, Piroxicam, Phenacetin, Acetaminophen, Antipyrine, Phenylbutazone.
PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS – II
UNIT 1
Colloidal dispersions: Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization & protective action.
UNIT 2
Rheology: Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature, non-Newtonian systems, pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic, thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling Sphere, rotational viscometers.
Deformation of solids: Plastic and elastic deformation, Heckel equation, Stress, Strain, Elastic Modulus.
UNIT 3
Coarse dispersion:
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions.
Emulsions and theories of emulsification, Microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions and emulsion formulation by HLB method.
UNIT 4
Micromeretics: Particle size and distribution, mean particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle size by different methods, counting and separation method, particle shape, specific surface, methods for determining surface area, permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
UNIT 5
Drug stability: Reaction kinetics: zero, pseudo-zero, first & second order, units of basic rate constants, determination of reaction order. Physical and chemical factors influencing the chemical degradation of pharmaceutical product: temperature, solvent, ionic strength, dielectric constant, specific & general acid base catalysis, Simple numerical problems. Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
PHARMACOLOGY – I
UNIT 1
General Pharmacology
a. Introduction to Pharmacology: Definition, historical landmarks and scope of pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of drug administration, Agonists, antagonists (competitive and non-competitive), spare receptors, addiction, tolerance, dependence, tachyphylaxis, idiosyncrasy, allergy.
b. Pharmacokinetics: Membrane transport, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Enzyme induction, enzyme inhibition, kinetics of elimination.
UNIT 2
General Pharmacology
a. Pharmacodynamics: Principles and mechanisms of drug action. Receptor theories and classification of receptors, regulation of receptors, drug-receptor interactions, signal transduction mechanisms, G-protein–coupled receptors, ion channel receptor, transmembrane enzyme-linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptor, and receptors that regulate transcription factors. Dose-response relationship, therapeutic index, combined effects of drugs, and factors modifying drug action.
b. Adverse Drug Reactions.
c. Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions.
d. Drug Discovery and Clinical Evaluation of New Drugs: Drug discovery phase, preclinical evaluation phase, clinical trial phase, phases of clinical trials, and pharmacovigilance.
UNIT 3
Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on Peripheral Nervous System
a. Organization and Function of ANS.
b. Neurohumoral Transmission: Co-transmission and classification of neurotransmitters.
c. Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Sympatholytics.
d. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents and Skeletal Muscle Relaxants (Peripheral).
e. Local Anesthetic Agents.
f. Drugs Used in Myasthenia Gravis and Glaucoma.
UNIT 4
Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
a. Neurohumoral Transmission in the CNS: Special emphasis on the importance of various neurotransmitters like GABA, Glutamate, Glycine, Serotonin, and Dopamine.
b. General Anesthetics and Pre-Anesthetics.
c. Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants.
d. Anti-Epileptics.
e. Alcohols and Disulfiram.
UNIT 5
Pharmacology of Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System
a. Psychopharmacological Agents: Antipsychotics, antidepressants, anti-anxiety agents, anti-manics, and hallucinogens.
b. Drugs Used in Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease.
c. CNS Stimulants and Nootropics.
d. Opioid Analgesics and Antagonists.
e. Drug Addiction, Drug Abuse, Tolerance, and Dependence.
PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY-I
UNIT 1
Introduction to Pharmacognosy:
(a) Definition, History, Scope, and Development of Pharmacognosy
(b) Sources of Drugs: Plants, Animals, Marine, & Tissue Culture
(c) Organized Drugs and Unorganized Drugs: Dried latex, dried juices, dried extracts, gums and mucilages, oleoresins, and oleo-gum-resins.
Classification of Drugs: Alphabetical, morphological, taxonomical, chemical, pharmacological, chemo, and sero-taxonomical classification of drugs.
Quality Control of Drugs of Natural Origin:
- Adulteration of Drugs of Natural Origin
- Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical, and biological methods and properties.
- Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leaf constants, camera lucida, and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida.
UNIT 2
Cultivation and Collection of Drugs of Natural Origin
Factors Influencing Cultivation of Medicinal Plants
Plant Hormones and Their Applications
Polyploidy, Mutation, and Hybridization with Reference to Medicinal Plants
Conservation of Medicinal Plants
UNIT 3
Plant Tissue Culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Edible vaccines
UNIT 4
Pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine:
Role of Pharmacognosy in allopathy and traditional systems of medicine namely, Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Homeopathy and Chinese systems of medicine.
Introduction to secondary metabolites:
Definition, classification, properties and test for identification of Alkaloids, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Tannins, Volatile oil and Resins.
UNIT 5
Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing following drugs
Plant Products:
Fibers – Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources, preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic use and commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the following Primary metabolites:
Carbohydrates: Acacia, Agar, Tragacanth, Honey
Proteins and Enzymes: Gelatin, casein, proteolytic enzymes (Papain, bromelain, serratiopeptidase, urokinase, streptokinase, pepsin)
Lipids (Waxes, fats, fixed oils): Castor oil, Chaulmoogra oil, Wool Fat, Bees Wax
Marine Drugs:
Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.